Introduction: Infiltration is found to be the most important process that influences uniformity and efficiency of surface irrigation. Prediction of infiltration rate is a prerequisite for estimating the amount of water entering into the soil and its distribution. Since the infiltration properties are a function of time and space, a relatively large number of field measurements is needed to represent an average of farm conditions (Bautista and Wallender, 1985). In recent years, researchers have proposed methods to reduce the requirement of the regional and field data in order to describe water dynamic in the soil. One of these methods is scaling which at the first was presented by Miller and Miller (1956) and developed on the similar media theory in the soil and water sciences (Miller and Miller, 1956; Sadeghi et al., 2016). According to similar media theory, soils can be similar, provided that different soils can be placed on a reference curve with ratios of a physical characteristic length, called "scaling factor". The objective of the present study was scaling the Philip infiltration equation and analyzing the spatial variability of infiltration characteristics by using minimum field measurements. In this research, a new method was presented for scaling infiltration equation and compared with previous methods scaling including: based on sorptivity ( Formula), transmissivity (Formula ), the optimum scaling factors (Formula ) arithmetic, geometric and harmonic. Materials and Methods: The basic assumption of scaling through this method was “ the shape of the infiltration characteristics curve is almost constant despite the variations in the rate and depth of infiltration” . The data required for infiltration scaling were a reference infiltration curve (whose parameters are known) and the depth of water infiltrated within a specified time period in other infiltration curves. In this method, first, equation infiltration parameters are specified for one infiltration curve, called the reference infiltration curve (Formula ). If, for other infiltration equations, the depth of water infiltrated is obtained after the specified time(ts) (for example, depth of infiltration water after 4 hours), the scale factor (Fs, dimensionless) is equal to the depth of water infiltrated after ts in the reference infiltration equation to depth of infiltrated water after ts even infiltration equation is as follows: (Formula)(1) where Ii (i=1, 2, … , n) is depth of infiltrated water after a given time (ts) for each infiltration families and is depth of infiltrated water after a given time in reference, and and are parameters of reference curve. In order to assess the proposed scaling method, root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were used for a totally 24 infiltration tests. Results and Discussion: The parameters of this model (i. e. sorptivity S and transmissivity factor A) showed a wide variation among the study sites. The variation of these parameters showed no significant difference between sorptivity and transmissivity factors. In addition, Talsama et al. (1969) illustrated that there is a weak relationship between sorptivity and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Results showed that scaling achieved using α A was better than that obtained using α S. Mean curve was chosen as reference curve and scale curve was obtained by different methods. The results of statistical analysis showed that the proposed method had the best performance (RMSE=0. 006, MBE=0. 0019 and R2=0. 9996). In order to evaluate the effect of the reference curve selection on the results, the scaled cumulative infiltration curve based on different reference curves (different infiltration equation) was evaluated. The results showed that the selection of the reference infiltration curve is optional and each cumulative infiltration families can be selected as the reference curve. For defining the relationship between and, , α S، α A، ، ، data, a statistical analysis was performed. According to our results, had the highest correlation with. Conclusion: In this study, a new method for penetration scaling was presented. In this method, the infiltration curve can be obtained using the minimum information including a reference curve and the depth of infiltrated water after a given time. The selection of the reference infiltration curve is optional and each cumulative infiltration equation can be selected as the reference curve. In the light of the results of this research, it can be concluded that the proposed method in this study is promising to be used for surface irrigation management.

Infiltration rate is one of the most important parameters used in irrigation water management. Direct measurement of infiltration process is laborious, time consuming and expensive. Therefore, in this study application of some indirect methods such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) for prediction of this phenomenon was investigated. Different ANNs structures including two training algorithms (TrainLM and TrainBR), two transfer functions (Tansig and Logsig), and different combinations of the input variables such as sand, silt, and clay fractions, bulk density (BD), soil organic matter (SOM), cumulative infiltration (CI) and elapsed time were used to predict sorption coefficient (S) and hydraulic conductivity (A) in Philip equation (I=S*t0. 5+A*t), which corresponded to 30 soil samples from study areas located in the Agricultural College, Shiraz University, (Bajgah). A two-hidden layer ANNs with two and three neurons in the hidden layers, respectively and TrainLM algorithm performed the best in predicting S when Logsig and Tansig were used. Silt+ clay+ sand+ time+ CI combination was the most basic influential variables for the S prediction. Furthermore, a two-hidden layer ANNs with two and three neurons in the hidden layers, respectively and TrainBR algorithm performed the best in predicting A when Tansig and Tansig were used. Silt +clay +sand +BD + OM+ time+ CI combination was the most basic influential variables for A prediction. Results showed that increasing the hidden layers and input variables significantly improved the ANNs performance. The coefficient of determination (R2) confirmed that the ANNs predictions for A (84. 6 %) fit data better than S (77. 5 %).

Determination of unsaturated soil hydraulic parameters are important for assessment and understanding of many processes. These processes include as: runoff and rainfall infiltration, salt, contaminations and nutrition elements transmission in soil and solution absorption by plant root. Recently, disc permeameter has been recognized as one of most current tool for measurement of unsaturated soil surface hydraulic parameters. In this research, for study of relation between unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity curve, the field experiments were performed at six iterations to interval of 1 meter each other on three zons (first zone with silty loam texture, second and third zone with loam texture). At all iterations, steady infiltration rates were measuremented on soil surface in consective five suctions, 15, 10, 6, 3 and 0 cm recpectively. Then, sorptivity factors in each suction were estimated by methods of differentiation (unsteady analysis) and steady analysis. The results of this study indicated that, sorptivity curve (s(h)) similar as unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curve (k(h)) is followed an exponential function. Sorptivity factor had inverse relation with suction, so that sorptivity value increased with suction reduction. Also, the results of this study showed that unsteady analysis method estimate sorptivity value at all suctions more than steady analysis method and the differences are significant in suctions of 3 and 0 cm. The study results indicated soil sorptivity factor inverse relationship with α parameter and α parameter inverse relationship with soil structure resistance degree. Also, it is observed that sorptivity factor sensitivity to soil structure is more than hydraulic conductivity.

Advance data and infiltration parameters are used to evaluate surface irrigation. Philip infiltration equation is one of the most widely used equations in surface irrigation. For the first time, Shepard et al. (1993) presented a one-point method to determine the parameters of the Philip infiltration equation in surface irrigation. In recent years, a new two-point method has been proposed to determine the parameters of Philip infiltration equation. In the new method, the volume balance equation is not presented. As a result, the Shepard et al. (1993) volume balance equation is used to determine the advance phase (Ebrahimian-Sheppard method). In this study, the volume balance equation for the new two-point method is presented. The volume balance equation presented in this study was evaluated with five independent furrow irrigation data sets and different input conditions. Results showed that mean value of root mean square error in Shepard et al. (1993), Ebrahimian-Shepard (2010) method and new two points were 40. 5, 30. 3 and 10. 9, respectively. The absolute mean error of prediction had the lowest equilibrium of 9. 6% in the new two-point method followed by the Ebrahimian-Sheppard (2010) and Sheppard et al. (1993) methods with 19. 5 and 20. 4%, respectively. The coefficient of determination for all three methods was more than 0. 97. In general, it can be concluded that the method presented in this study predicts the advance curve with higher accuracy compared to the other two methods.

In this study, spatial variability of infiltration rate was investigated on a landscape of 6. 1 percent slope in Kuhin region. Infiltration rate was measured by double-rings infiltrometer at 33 points of 50-meter intervals along the landscape. Composite soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected during the infiltration experiments. The soil samples were analyzed for bulk density, aggregate stability, initial soil moisture content, textural fractions, organic matter and calcium carbonate equivalent. To investigate the spatial variability and fitting the best model, geostatistical methods were used by variogram analysis. Most of the measured properties showed spatial dependence. The content of calcium carbonate equivalent showed the strongest spatial dependence by 0. 17 percent nugget effect. Final infiltration rate and parameter A of Philip's equation showed strong spatial dependence, coefficient a of Kostiakov's equation showed moderate spatial dependence, and S parameter of Philip's equation and b coefficient of Kostiakov's equation showed pure nugget effect.

Infiltration is a complex process that changed by initial moisture and water head on the soil surface. The main objective of this study was to estimate the coefficients of infiltration equations, Kostiakov-Lewis, Philip and Horton, and evaluate the sensitivity of these equations and their coefficients under various initial conditions (initial moisture soil) and boundary (water head on soil surface). Therefore, one-and two-dimensional infiltration for basin (or border) irrigation were simulated by changing the initial soil moisture and water head on soil surface from irrigation to other irrigation using the solution of the Richards’ equation (HYDRUS model). To determine the coefficients of infiltration equations, outputs of the HYDRUS model (cumulative infiltration over time) were fitted using the Excel Solver. Comparison of infiltration sensitivity equations and their coefficients in one-and two-dimensional infiltration showed infiltration equations and their sensitivity coefficients were similar function but quantitatively in most cases sensitive two-dimensional equations and their coefficients were greater than one dimension. In both dimensions the soil adsorption coefficient Philip equation as the sensitive coefficient and Horton equation as the sensitive equation under various initial moisture soil and water head on soil surface were identified.

Spatial and temporal infiltration, hydrological studies at large levels such as catchment areas and at small levels, such as managing irrigation systems, are costly, time consuming and complicated. One of the proper methods for determining the general relationship of penetration is the scaling of relationships, which is a practical solution to the problem of soil variability. In this paper, with the aid of scaling and using penetration testing data, a binomial relation was obtained for water penetration in three soils. Maximum MAE and RMSE values for calibration of the proposed relationship were calculated to be 0. 48 and 0. 55 respectively. These values are highly accurate to the depths of penetration (10 to 25 cm). Although the evaluation of the empirical relationship between the three-dimensional In fluence that was obtained in previous studies has less error rates, the simplicity of the binomial relationship and the shorter computing of the empirical relationship of reasoning infiltration on Its superiority.

In the modern period after the forties, a group of nine poets wrote a genuine and healthy poetry that belonged definitely to a new period. They were Elizabeth Jenning, John Holloway, Philip Larkin, Thomas Gunn, Kingsly Amis, D. J. Enright, John Wain and others. They were called the Movement Poetry. Their poetry was intelligent, knowledgeable and polished. The poetry from these individuals also tended to reflect everyday life, with a newfound emphasis on clarity, democratic values, religious decline and intellectual detachment.Larkin's complaint against life is that is has never lured him. Its very indifference and its failure to have any use for him make him want to reject it. This doesn't mean that his mind is wholly a mind to winter; gleam of light is there, some flicker of life, a wish for a moment of frolic out of doors. Alongside poems of the most intense gloom and alarm, Larkin also develops the affirmative features of his talent.

The great and prominent personality of Ali(p. b. u. h) is in such a way that attract every body and in the history always the writers and poets write about his personality. Like Molana Mohammad IbnHesamKHosefi is the poet of Nineth century. He was the first religious epic poet of Persian literature and is from the first poets that Shiiethinkingtrain in it’ spoem. The big personality of Ali makes him to say beautiful and mot lines. PhillippHamon. French semiotician, thinks the personality as a symbolic element and develops the theoricsemiotic, basic of personality. In this research wich done on the descriptiue-analytic way, tries to study that Ali’ s personality in Khavaran-Name based on thesemioticstheori-cpersonality of Philipp Hamonthat knows the personality a conceptual semiotics and a complete sot of thought and features. Hamon knows the personality a sing that constitute of DALL (name, syntactic status and the rhetoric type) and Referent (characteristics, the speech Act and Behavioral Act). Generally, by studing the personality semiotics we can realizthe characteristics and features of deep-internal layers of people and this sets of behaviors puts as a pattern for ourself. The results of this research stating that the speech Acts, shows two levels of Imam Ali’ s personality. In the saying with people he traced back a needless and powerfulpersonality wich has fear of anybody and anything, but in the words that done with God. He pictures as a person that needs is incapable that needs to Gods to do his jobs. His behavioral acts include different acts. Like war, killing, save and soon that the abundant frequency of the actsshowsthe greatstatus of Imam Ali in the story and that he’ s move a person wich involved war with enemies and killing them to defend thereligion and muslims. Names and the used tittle for this Imam like; Ali, Heidar and Qashamsham all has a compatibility with the characters and acts of his personality and his names title indicate to all of the qualities that he shows in the story.

Character is a fundamental category in Arab literature, influencing both literary and nonliterary works. In resistance poetry, its significance is particularly conspicuous and vibrant. In order to double the impact of one's own words on the audience, the poet may express the characters indirectly and without specifying their names at times, as a result of the political and social conditions in the war-torn regions. At other times, the poet may do so explicitly. The character within the poem serves as an embodiment of the poet's thoughts and imagination. Through the portrayal of a living individual and the immersion of that persona into the realm of his imagination, the poet endeavors to establish a meaningful connection with the readership while also allowing the character to embody his own sentiments and behaviors. Philippe Hamon, a renowned and contemporary French theorist, is among the few authorities who has a precise and exhaustive theory of the context of character. A comprehensive understanding of the hidden meanings and concepts in characters can be attained by adhering to his perspective, which incorporates the views of earlier theorists. By conceptualizing character as a symbolic context comprised of the signifier and the signified, Hamon broadens the fundamental semiotics of character. In doing so, he argues that character is not merely a psychological construct, but rather a real-world entity. Characters are processed in accordance with four principles, according to Hamon's theory: types, character dimensions, signifier, and signified. As a result of the shift in the political and social climate of the modern era, which compelled Nizar Qabbani to address women's issues and defend their violated rights, he devoted considerable poetic space to this segment of society and depicted the physical and spiritual beauty of women. Nizar's poetry exemplifies the exquisite unity of women and poetry,these two elements are so intertwined that they cannot be separated,this is the reason why she has earned the reputation of a woman poet within the realm of Arabic poetry. Hence, the poet's poems prominently feature the female context. The present study employs a descriptive-analytical approach and draws upon Philip Hamon's personality theory to analyze the diverse facets of the female persona in Nizar's poetry courts. While emphasizing the significance of this context in Qabani's poems, it also clarifies its function as a means of conveying the poet's intended message. In conclusion, the research findings indicate that Nizar Qabbani's poems comprehensively illustrate every facet of Philip Hamon's theory. By opting for a moderate approach rather than ambiguity and a direct tone when expressing ideas in his poems, he has effectively increased the value of his poetry. One could say that Nizar's poetry and thoughts have elevated and evolved the status of women,the majority of the female characters in his romances are figurative, which is consistent with the general tone of his poems concerning the corrupt Arab society of the time. It is compatible because the poet often had to suffocate and communicate his ideas in an invisible manner. Furthermore, since he does not believe in the central reader, he employs the method of application the pronoun of the audience to represent the female characters. Thus, the character in question disappeared from the reader's mind and submerged her poem in an aura of ambiguity, which is the consequence of the ominous phenomenon o Furthermore, one may observe an intermediary, a pointer, or a reference, in addition to virtual characters. Frequently, the external and psychological aspects of the description of the female character are conveyed, and the poet employs a variety of literary devices, particularly similes, to establish an intimate connection with the reader. The reader is able to readily envision the poet's depicted character. Furthermore, an examination of the meaning reveals that the majority of the information regarding the nature of women originates from the poet himself. This is evident on both quantitative and qualitative levels, with the poet's descriptions being melancholic in the quantitative sense. And to evoke empathy in the audience, he added melancholy,he utilized both direct and indirect methods in the qualitative dimension. However, upon closer examination of the evidence, the reader discerns a discrepancy between the characters' portrayals and their actual performances, leading to the conclusion that the nomenclature and origin of certain characters are not connected to Hamon's theory